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All Kinds of Deer Hunting Articles
Biology
Of The Rut
Understanding Scrapes
The Moon's Affects on Hunting
Just a sample...
More coming this week.
Deer Hunting - Whitetail Scents,
Glands and Organs
Deer use pheromones, or scents, to communicate type
of sex, sexual readiness, dominance, direction of travel
and possibly fear by: 1. self-impregnation (leaving
scent on themselves) and 2. leaving scents on the ground
and vegetation, and at the visual and chemical signposts
of rubs and scrapes. These scents are so specific that
deer have the ability to distinguish individual scent no
matter how many other deer are in the area. Glands
produce many of these deer scents.
Forehead
Glands The forehead glands are located between the
top of the eyes and the antlers. They are most active
during the rut. The activity of these glands has been
positively correlated with age and probable social
status; they are most active in older, dominant bucks.
The glands produce an oily substance making the hair
appear dark. The oil is transferred to rubbed trees and
the overhanging branch at scrapes when the head of the
buck comes in contact with the tree; and is used by
dominant bucks to advertise their presence to both
sexes. Marking trees and branches with forehead scent is
a means of dominance and recognition among bucks. It has
been noted that dominant bucks create most rubs, and
they rub more often than subdominants. The scent from
the forehead glands may be used as a priming pheromone
to bring does into estrus; and to synchronize the timing
of the rut between bucks and does when it is left in
areas used by does.
Pre-orbital Gland Located in front of the eye,
this gland is under
muscular control and may be opened by rutting bucks to
signal aggressive behavior. Females open this gland when
tending fawns. It may not be rubbed on the overhanging
branch as previously thought.
Nasal Gland These two almond shaped glands are
located inside the nostrils and are probably used to
lubricate the nose. They may also be used to leave scent
on overhanging branches.
Vomeronasal Organ This diamond shaped organ is
located on the roof of the mouth and serves some of the
same purposes as the nose. It is used primarily to
analyze urine, possibly while performing the lip curl
and sniff, or Flehmen gesture, when a buck curls its
upper lip and sucks air into its mouth so that scents
come in contact with the vomeronasal organ. It is
usually performed by a buck that is with/trailing an
estrus doe. Analysis of urine through the vomeronasal
organ may help to synchronize the breeding readiness
between bucks and does, and ensure that both sexes are
in peak breeding condition at the same time.
Salivary Glands These glands inside the mouth
produce saliva, which contains enzymes to help in
digestion. The enzymes in the saliva may contribute to
the scent left on the overhanging branch at scrapes, and
on rubbed trees when a deer licks or chews the branch or
tree.
Interdigital Glands These glands are located
between the hoofs of all four feet of white-tailed deer.
The scent is left each time the deer takes a step. It is
also left in large amounts when a deer stamps its foot,
and when a buck makes a scrape. Each deer has its own
scent, and because some of the compounds in this scent
may be present in higher concentrations in mature males
(3 1/2+ years), they may alert other deer of the
presence of a dominant buck. Does use this scent to
track their fawns, bucks use it to track does. Because
scent molecules evaporate at different rates deer can
determine which way another deer went by the amount of
interdigital scent left behind. The scent from these
glands is the primary tracking scent of deer.
Preputial
Gland This gland is located on the inside of the
buck's penal sheath and may be used for lubrication.
Metatarsal Glands These glands are a light tan
colored circle of hair of about 1 2/3 inches in length
located on the outside of the hind leg between the toe
and the hock, or heel on whitetails. They are not actual
glands, because they have no duct. Mule Deer exhibit the
largest glands, then the Black-tailed Deer, and the
White-tailed Deer. It has been suggested that blacktails
open this gland when alarmed to express danger. It is
not totally understood in whitetails, but I have seen it
flared when two bucks fight.
Tarsal Glands These true glands appear as a tuft
of erectile hairs, measure about 4 inches in diameter,
and are located on the inside of the hind leg near the
hock. The lactones of these glands are specific,
allowing other deer to determine age and sex of the deer
leaving the scent. The strong smell of the tarsal gland
is caused by the deposit of urine on the deer's gland
during rub-urination. Rub-urination occurs when the deer
brings the back legs together and urinates over these
glands. Bucks rub-urinate to display social dominance by
marking themselves with the scent, and they determine
social ranking by sniffing each other's tarsal. Does
rub-urinate to make it easier for their young to follow
them; and possibly to express social status among doe
groups. Young animals rub-urinate as a means of
self-marking. Part of the function of the scent from
this gland may be to act as a warning signal. The scent
from this gland is the primary recognition scent of
deer.
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